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essereto beItalianavereto haveItalianfareto do; to makeItaliandireto say; to tellItalianandareto goItalianpotereto be able to; canItalianvolereto wantItaliansapereto know (a fact); to know howItalianvedereto seeItalianvenireto comeItalianparlareto speakItalianmangiareto eatItalianbereto drinkItaliancapireto understandItalianprendereto take; to have (food or drink)Italiancasahouse; homeItaliangiornodayItalianannoyearItalianuomomanItaliandonnawomanItalianmanohandItalianamicofriend (male)ItalianacquawaterItaliancaffècoffee; caféItaliangelatoice creamItaliancontothe check; the billItaliancolazionebreakfastItalianstazionestationItaliantrenotrainItalianbigliettoticketItaliancittàcityItalianzainobackpackItalianbuongiornogood morning; helloItalianbuonaseragood eveningItaliangraziethank youItalianpregoyou're welcome; please, go aheadItalianper favorepleaseItalianscusiexcuse me (formal)ItalianQuanto costa?How much does it cost?ItalianDov'è la stazione?Where is the station?ItalianA che ora parte il treno?What time does the train leave?ItalianVorrei…I would like…Italiancatastastack or pile of firewoodItalianfalegnamecarpenterItalianbottegaworkshop; small shopItalianlustroshiny; polishedItalianpaonazzopurplish-redItalianasciaaxeItalianscorzabark; rind; outer coveringItaliantruciolowood shavingItaliansegaturasawdustItalianusciodoor; doorwayItalianparruccawigItalianpiallawoodworking planeItalianrallegrarsito rejoice; to become pleasedItalianborbottareto mutter; to grumbleItaliandigrossareto rough-shape; to remove the rough outer materialItalianrammaricarsito lament; to complain sorrowfullyItalianagguantareto grab; to seizeItaliansbatacchiareto knock or bang about repeatedlyItalianarruffareto tousle; to ruffleItaliancanterellareto hum; to sing softly to oneselfItalianpiallareto plane; to smooth wood with a planeItalianfulminatostruck by lightning; suddenly overwhelmedItalianper via dibecause of; on account ofItaliana mezza vocein an undertone; quietlyItaliandetto fattono sooner said than doneItalianrestare di stuccoto be dumbfounded; to be astonishedItaliannon c'è anima vivathere is not a soul hereItaliantanto peggio per luiso much the worse for himItalianfarsi coraggioto pluck up courage; to reassure oneselfItalianmettersi in ascoltoto start listening attentivelyItalianImperfetto sets the scene; passato remoto moves the story forward.Compare aveva, era and piallava (background/ongoing action) with capitò, prese and sentì (completed narrative events). Retell the chapter using both roles.ItalianAppena + trapassato remoto marks a completed event before another past event.Appena ebbe visto quel pezzo di legno, si rallegrò: after he had seen it, he became pleased. Ebbe + past participle is trapassato remoto, common in literary temporal clauses.ItalianUncertainty and hypothetical questions can use the congiuntivo.Non so come andasse; Che sia ... che abbia imparato ...?; per sentire se ... si lamentasse. Notice the speaker's uncertainty rather than assuming every se requires a subjunctive.ItalianThe future tense can express a guess about what has happened.Di dove sarà uscita questa vocina? means Where can this little voice have come from? Sarà + participle expresses a supposition about a completed event.ItalianPronouns attach to infinitives and gerunds; combined pronouns keep their order.Servirmene = servire + mi + ne, to make use of it. Dandosi, grattandosi and rammaricandosi attach si to a gerund. Me la son figurata refers back to the feminine vocina.ItalianA negative tu command uses non + infinitive.Non mi picchiar tanto forte! means Don't hit me so hard! Picchiar is a shortened picchiare. The attached form non picchiarmi is also possible.ItalianA gerund can add a simultaneous action to the main clause.Disse ridendo e grattandosi la parrucca: he spoke while laughing and scratching his wig. Keep the implied subject aligned with the person doing the main action.ItalianRecognize older spelling and shortened forms without copying them into neutral modern prose.Perchè → perché; colla/cogli → con la/con gli; son → sono; picchiar → picchiare; si messe → si mise; trasfigurito → modern trasfigurato. The source preserves its historical forms.Italianaccorgersito notice; to realizeItalianavvicinarsito approachItalianallontanarsito move awayItalianattraversareto crossItalianraggiungereto reachItalianproseguireto continue onItalianritornareto returnItalianuscireto go outItalianentrareto enterItaliansalireto go up; to get onItalianscendereto go down; to get offItaliancorrereto runItaliancamminareto walkItalianfermarsito stopItalianvoltarsito turn aroundItalianchinarsito bend downItalianalzarsito get upItaliansedersito sit downItaliancadereto fallItalianinciampareto stumbleItaliansaltareto jumpItalianinseguireto chaseItalianfuggireto fleeItaliannascondersito hide oneselfItaliancomparireto appearItalianscomparireto disappearItalianafferrareto grasp; to seizeItalianlasciareto leave; to let goItaliansollevareto liftItalianspingereto pushItaliantirareto pullItaliantrascinareto dragItalianraccogliereto pick up; to gatherItaliangettareto throwItalianrompereto breakItalianriparareto repairItaliancostruireto buildItalianaprireto openItalianchiudereto closeItalianportareto carry; to bringItalianchiedereto askItalianrispondereto answerItalianraccontareto tell; to recountItalianspiegareto explainItaliansussurrareto whisperItaliangridareto shoutItalianesclamareto exclaimItalianbalbettareto stammerItalianpromettereto promiseItalianammettereto admitItaliannegareto denyItalianconvincereto convinceItalianavvertireto warn; to noticeItalianscherzareto jokeItalianridereto laughItaliansorridereto smileItalianpiangereto cryItaliantremareto trembleItaliansperareto hopeItaliantemereto fearItalianfidarsito trustItalianpentirsito regret; to repentItalianvergognarsito feel ashamedItalianarrabbiarsito become angryItalianstupirsito be surprisedItalianmeravigliarsito marvel; to be surprisedItalianricordareto rememberItalianriconoscereto recognizeItaliandimenticareto forgetItalianimmaginareto imagineItaliansupporreto supposeItaliandubitareto doubtItalianpensareto thinkItalianriflettereto reflect; to think carefullyItaliandecidereto decideItalianscegliereto chooseItalianesitareto hesitateItalianpreferireto preferItaliandesiderareto desireItalianriuscireto succeed; to manageItalianartigianocraftspersonItalianvicinoneighbor; nearbyItaliannemicoenemyItalianpadronemaster; ownerItalianospiteguest; hostItalianviandantetraveler on footItalianbambinochildItalianragazzoboy; young personItaliananzianoelderly person; elderlyItalianvillaggiovillageItalianstradaroad; streetItaliansentieropathItalianpiazzasquareItaliancortilecourtyardItaliansogliathresholdItalianfinestrawindowItalianparetewallItalianpavimentofloorItaliansoffittoceilingItalianangolocornerItalianscaffaleshelfItaliansediachairItaliantavolotableItalianlegnowoodItalianferroironItalianpietrastoneItalianstoffacloth; fabricItalianpolveredustItalianrumorenoiseItaliansilenziosilenceItalianvocevoiceItaliansguardolook; gazeItaliangestogestureItaliansorpresasurpriseItalianpaurafearItaliancoraggiocourageItalianfaticaeffort; tirednessItalianfrettahasteItalianragionereason; being rightItalianall'improvvisosuddenlyItaliana un trattoall at onceItaliannel frattempomeanwhileItalianpoco doposhortly afterwardItalianprima o poisooner or laterItalianfin dall'iniziofrom the very beginningItalianalla fineat the end; in the endItalianin seguitolater; afterwardItaliannonostantedespite; althoughItaliansebbenealthough; even thoughItalianbenchéalthoughItalianmentrewhile; whereasItalianappenaas soon as; barelyItalianfinchéas long as; untilItalianpoichésince; becauseItaliandunquetherefore; soItalianperciòtherefore; for that reasonItalianeppureand yetItalianinveceinstead; on the other handItalianaltrimentiotherwiseItaliansoprattuttoabove all; especiallyItalianperfinoevenItalianquasialmostItalianaddiritturaeven; downrightItalianormaiby now; alreadyItalianancorastill; againItaliangiàalreadyItaliansoltantoonlyItalianabbastanzaenough; fairlyItalianlentamenteslowlyItalianrapidamentequicklyItalianprudentecautiousItalianostinatostubbornItaliancuriosocuriousItalianinquietorestless; uneasyItaliansoddisfattosatisfiedItaliandelusodisappointedItalianspaventatofrightenedItalianstancotiredItalianorgogliosoproudItalian

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